ServerBuddies Support Blog

The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocols 1 and 2. Protocol 2 is the default, with ssh falling back to protocol 1 if it detects protocol 2 is unsupported. These settings may be altered using the Protocol option in ssh_config(5)

-v Verbose mode. Causes ssh to print debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful in debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems.

Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.

Example:

How To Identify Major and Minor Number For Block Devices

How to identify major and minor device number?

Now, if you want to know the major and minor number of these devices, cd to /dev directory and do ls -l as shown below, which will show both major and minor number

[Note: Major for /dev/sda1 is 8 and minor is 2]

The major numbers for SCSI and IDE doesn’t change and has the following hard-coded value.

Metadata is data about data. Data is basically the same thing as information, although it is often in a form that is easier for humans and/or computers to use and manipulate.

Major functions of computer filesystems are the storing of metadata about files and facilitating the locating and manipulation of files. The metadata about a file on a Unix-like operating system includes its file type (e.g., data file, directory, link), name, timestamps (i.e., dates of creation, last access and modification), location on the filesystem, size (in bytes), its physical location (i.e., the addresses of the blocks of storage containing the file’s data on a disk), ownership (usually the same as its creator), access permissions (i.e., which users are permitted to read, write and/or execute the file) and file type.

An inode is a data structure on a Unix-like operating system that stores all the metadata about a file except its name(s); the name(s) and the actual data of the file are stored elsewhere. A data structure is a way of storing information in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.

An inode is a data structure on a file-system on Linux and other Unix-like operating systems that stores all the information about a file except its name and its actual data.

Inode is a structure contains the information necessary for a process to access a file. Exist in a static form on disk and the kernel reads them into an in-core inode consists of:

- file owner identifier.
- file type.
- file access permissions.
- file access times.
- number of links to the file.
- table of contents for the disk address of data in a file.
- file size.

Inode Contains all the details about a file like owner, permission, type etc. But it doesn’t Contain the “Filename” for the particular file.

A data structure is a way of storing data so that it can be used efficiently. Different types of data structures are suited to different types of applications, and some are highly specialized for specific types of tasks.

Superblock

The superblock is a structure that represents a file system. It includes the necessary information to manage the file system during operation. It includes the file system name (such as ext2), the size of the file system and its state, a reference to the block device, and metadata information (such as free lists and so on). The superblock is typically stored on the storage medium but can be created in real time if one doesn’t exist.

Finding out the backup superblock.