Reinstalling the Boot Loader
In many cases, the GRUB boot loader can mistakenly be deleted, corrupted, or replaced by other operating systems.
The following steps detail the process on how GRUB is reinstalled on the master boot record:
Boot the system from an installation boot medium.
Type linux rescue at the installation boot prompt to enter the rescue environment.
Type chroot /mnt/sysimage to mount the root partition.
Type /sbin/grub-install /dev/hda to reinstall the GRUB boot loader, where /dev/hda is the boot partition.
Review the /boot/grub/grub.conf file, as additional entries may be needed for GRUB to control additional operating systems.
Reboot the system.
Splitting a file in GNU/Linux
If you want to split a file “myvideo” with size 9.6 Mb( 10000000 b) into two, then the command to do the same is:
$ split -b 5000000 myvideo
File “myvideo” is now split into two files “xaa” and “xab” by default and these two files will be having the size 5000000 b. Reducing file size will lead to more number of new files generated. You can also specify the output filename. Suppose you want to use output file name as “video”, then the following command will help you:
$ split -b 5000000 example myvideo
Now how to join the splitted files? You can use the cat command to join the splitted files. For example if the new files generated by split are “xaa”, “xab” and “xac”, use the following command to join the splitted files.
How to increase swap space in a Linux server?
It has been a common issue that in most of the cases the RAM gets upgraded after the server is live. For maximum utilization of the resources, it is recommended to create swap space of twice the amount of RAM. Hence if a RAM of 1GB is present in the server 2GB of swap space should be present. In order to create a swap space of 1GB.
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1024 count=1048576
/sbin/mkswap -c -v1 /swapfile1
/sbin/swapon /swapfile1
Add the entry to /etc/fstab to automate it after a Reboot. Edit /etc/fstab and add the entry below.
/swapfile1 swap swap defaults 0 0
A new swap file can be created with new name replace the filename “swapfile1″ with a new one and follow the same procedure. The above commands are used to create 1GB swap. If the amount of RAM in the server is 2GB, then a swap file of 4GB is required.
The easiest way to create this swap file is to created four swap files of 1GB each.
Server time lagging too often
Some times , the server time will be either slow or fast. This kind of clock issues can “usually” be fixed with the following steps:
1. Correct the server time
2. Edit /etc/grub.conf. The parameter to be added varies with processor as shown below.
Case a) Pentium D processor - add “notsc” into the kernel line in grub.conf
Case b) AMD processor - add “clock=pmtmr” into the kernel line in grub.conf
3. Reboot the server
How to enable runkit PHP extension
Installing runkit PHP extension.
#cd /usr/local/src
#wget http://pecl.php.net/get/runkit-0.9.tgz
#tar -zxvf runkit-0.9.tgz
#cd runkit-0.9
#phpize
#./configure
#make
After running the make command you will get the following error.
/usr/local/src/runkit-0.9/runkit_import.c: In function ‘php_runkit_import_class_props’:
/usr/local/src/runkit-0.9/runkit_import.c:230: warning: passing argument 2 of
‘zend_unmangle_property_name’ makes integer from pointer without a cast
/usr/local/src/runkit-0.9/runkit_import.c:230: error: too few arguments to function
‘zend_unmangle_property_name’ make: *** [runkit_import.lo] Error 1
Fix is as follows
Edit the file /usr/local/src/runkit-0.9/runkit_import.c and change the following line
zend_unmangle_property_name(key, &cname, &pname);
To:
zend_unmangle_property_name(key, key_len, &cname, &pname);
Again continue with the installation steps.
#cd /usr/local/src/runkit-0.9
#make
#make install
Edit the loaded PHP configuration file ( here /usr/local/lib/php.ini ) and add the following line.
You can verify the runkit extension by
root@host[/usr/local/src/runkit-0.9]# php -i | grep -i runkit
runkit
runkit support => enabled
